Energy required (Wh)
Load (W) × Backup time (hrs) ÷ Inverter efficiency
Usable capacity (Ah)
Energy required (Wh) ÷ System voltage (V)
Total Ah required
Usable Ah ÷ Depth of Discharge (DoD) × Ageing factor
Number of batteries in series
System voltage ÷ Battery voltage
Strings in parallel
Total Ah required ÷ Battery Ah rating
⚠ Temperature significantly affects battery capacity — derate by ~1% per °C below 25°C for lead acid. Always add safety margin for critical applications.